Pronation describes the natural inward movement of the foot under load and functions as an important part of the body's shock absorption. In most people, pronation is completely normal, but when the angle becomes too large, overpronation occurs, which can lead to pain and overuse injuries.
What is pronation in the foot?
Pronation means that the foot moves inward when under load. A normal pronation angle is around 6–8°, while mild pronation is 9–11°. Overpronation, more than 12°, increases the risk of overuse injuries in the foot, lower leg and upper body. People with flat feet always pronate, as the low arch of the foot creates increased inward movement.
Symptoms
- Pain in the foot, lower leg, or knee
- Feeling of tiredness in the feet after activity
- Wear and tear injuries to the soft tissues of the foot and leg
- Incorrect posture in steps that affects the knee, hip or back
Common causes & risk factors
Overpronation is often linked to low arches or flat feet. It can cause or worsen several problems: periostitis, plantar fasciitis, pain on the inside of the knee joint, unstable kneecaps (patella luxation/subluxation) and medial osteoarthritis problems in the knee joint. The risk increases with hard surfaces, improper shoes and high loads in sports or everyday life.
When should you seek medical attention?
If you have persistent pain, recurring injuries, or problems that affect your walking pattern and everyday activities, it is wise to contact healthcare for further assessment.
Recommended protection & support
A pronation insole is designed to reduce the degree of overpronation by placing the foot in a slightly supinated (outwardly rotated) position. This creates a straighter stride and a more neutral load on the foot, knee and hip. Pronation insoles can be used in most shoes and help relieve the foot, reduce the risk of overuse injuries and improve stride stability.